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        <h1 class="post-card-title">java提高篇(一) 理解java的三大特性之封装</h1>
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            <p>学习来源：<a href="http://cmsblogs.com" target="_blank" rel="external">http://cmsblogs.com</a></p>
<h2 id="封装"><a href="#封装" class="headerlink" title="封装"></a>封装</h2><p>封装的目的是尽可能的隐藏内部细节，只保留一些对外接口使之与外部发生联系。专业点说就是封装给对象提供了隐藏内部特性和行为的能力。对象提供一些能被其他对象访问的方法来改变他的内部数据。在Java中有3中修饰符public,private和protected。每一种修饰符给其他的位于同一个包或者不同包下面的对象赋予了不同的访问权限。</p>
<p>下面列出使用封装的好处：</p>
<ul>
<li>隐藏信息，隐藏实现细节。</li>
<li>良好的封装能够减少耦合 </li>
<li>类内部的结构可以自由修改</li>
<li>可以对成员进行更精确的控制</li>
</ul>
<p>首先来看两个类：Husband.java，Wife.java<br><figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div><div class="line">5</div><div class="line">6</div><div class="line">7</div><div class="line">8</div><div class="line">9</div><div class="line">10</div><div class="line">11</div><div class="line">12</div><div class="line">13</div><div class="line">14</div><div class="line">15</div><div class="line">16</div><div class="line">17</div><div class="line">18</div><div class="line">19</div><div class="line">20</div><div class="line">21</div><div class="line">22</div><div class="line">23</div><div class="line">24</div><div class="line">25</div><div class="line">26</div><div class="line">27</div><div class="line">28</div><div class="line">29</div><div class="line">30</div><div class="line">31</div><div class="line">32</div><div class="line">33</div><div class="line">34</div><div class="line">35</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Husband</span> </span>&#123;</div><div class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Husband</span> </span>&#123;</div><div class="line">    <span class="comment">/*</span></div><div class="line"><span class="comment">     * 对属性的封装</span></div><div class="line"><span class="comment">     * 一个人的姓名、性别、年龄、妻子都是这个人的私有属性</span></div><div class="line"><span class="comment">     */</span></div><div class="line">    <span class="keyword">private</span> String name ;</div><div class="line">    <span class="keyword">private</span> String sex ;</div><div class="line">    <span class="keyword">private</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> age ;</div><div class="line">    <span class="keyword">private</span> Wife wife;</div><div class="line">    <span class="comment">/*</span></div><div class="line"><span class="comment">     * setter()、getter()是该对象对外开发的接口</span></div><div class="line"><span class="comment">     */</span></div><div class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> String <span class="title">getName</span><span class="params">()</span> </span>&#123;</div><div class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> name;</div><div class="line">    &#125;</div><div class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title">setName</span><span class="params">(String name)</span> </span>&#123;</div><div class="line">        <span class="keyword">this</span>.name = name;</div><div class="line">    &#125;</div><div class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> String <span class="title">getSex</span><span class="params">()</span> </span>&#123;</div><div class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> sex;</div><div class="line">    &#125;</div><div class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title">setSex</span><span class="params">(String sex)</span> </span>&#123;</div><div class="line">        <span class="keyword">this</span>.sex = sex;</div><div class="line">    &#125;</div><div class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="title">getAge</span><span class="params">()</span> </span>&#123;</div><div class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> age;</div><div class="line">    &#125;</div><div class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title">setAge</span><span class="params">(<span class="keyword">int</span> age)</span> </span>&#123;</div><div class="line">        <span class="keyword">this</span>.age = age;</div><div class="line">    &#125;</div><div class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title">setWife</span><span class="params">(Wife wife)</span> </span>&#123;</div><div class="line">        <span class="keyword">this</span>.wife = wife;</div><div class="line">    &#125;</div><div class="line">&#125;</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div><div class="line">5</div><div class="line">6</div><div class="line">7</div><div class="line">8</div><div class="line">9</div><div class="line">10</div><div class="line">11</div><div class="line">12</div><div class="line">13</div><div class="line">14</div><div class="line">15</div><div class="line">16</div><div class="line">17</div><div class="line">18</div><div class="line">19</div><div class="line">20</div><div class="line">21</div><div class="line">22</div><div class="line">23</div><div class="line">24</div><div class="line">25</div><div class="line">26</div><div class="line">27</div><div class="line">28</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Wife</span> </span>&#123;</div><div class="line">    <span class="keyword">private</span> String name;</div><div class="line">    <span class="keyword">private</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> age;</div><div class="line">    <span class="keyword">private</span> String sex;</div><div class="line">    <span class="keyword">private</span> Husband husband;</div><div class="line"></div><div class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> String <span class="title">getName</span><span class="params">()</span> </span>&#123;</div><div class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> name;</div><div class="line">    &#125;</div><div class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title">setName</span><span class="params">(String name)</span> </span>&#123;</div><div class="line">        <span class="keyword">this</span>.name = name;</div><div class="line">    &#125;</div><div class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> String <span class="title">getSex</span><span class="params">()</span> </span>&#123;</div><div class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> sex;</div><div class="line">    &#125;</div><div class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title">setSex</span><span class="params">(String sex)</span> </span>&#123;</div><div class="line">        <span class="keyword">this</span>.sex = sex;</div><div class="line">    &#125;</div><div class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title">setAge</span><span class="params">(<span class="keyword">int</span> age)</span> </span>&#123;</div><div class="line">        <span class="keyword">this</span>.age = age;</div><div class="line">    &#125;</div><div class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title">setHusband</span><span class="params">(Husband husband)</span> </span>&#123;</div><div class="line">        <span class="keyword">this</span>.husband = husband;</div><div class="line">    &#125;</div><div class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> Husband <span class="title">getHusband</span><span class="params">()</span> </span>&#123;</div><div class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> husband;</div><div class="line">    &#125;</div><div class="line">&#125;</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>上面的例子中可以看到Husband里面的wife引用是没有getter方法的，同时wife的age也是没有getter方法的。理由大家都懂。</p>
<p>所以封装把一个对象的属性私有化，同时提供一些可以被外界访问的属性的方法，如果不想被外界访问，我们大可不必提供方法给外界访问。但如果一个类没有提供给外界访问的方法，那么这个类也就没有什么意义了。</p>
<p>通过这个我们还不能真正体会封装的好处。现在我们从程序的角度来分析封装带来的好处。如果我们不使用封装，那么该对象就没有setter和getter方法，那么Husband就会是这样写：<br><figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div><div class="line">5</div><div class="line">6</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Husband</span> </span>&#123;</div><div class="line">    <span class="keyword">public</span> String name;</div><div class="line">    <span class="keyword">public</span> String sex;</div><div class="line">    <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> age;</div><div class="line">    <span class="keyword">public</span> Wife wife;</div><div class="line">&#125;</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>我们会这样来使用：<br><figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">Husband husband = <span class="keyword">new</span> Husband();</div><div class="line">husband.age = <span class="number">30</span>;</div><div class="line">husband.name = <span class="string">"张三"</span>;</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>但如果哪天我们需要修改Husband，例如将age修改成String类型呢？你只有一处使用了这个类还好，如果你有几十个甚至几百个这样的地方，就会改到崩溃。如果使用了封装，我们完全可以不用做任何修改，只需要稍微改变下Husband类的setAge方法即可：<br><figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title">setAge</span><span class="params">(<span class="keyword">int</span> age)</span> </span>&#123;</div><div class="line">    <span class="comment">//转换即可</span></div><div class="line">    <span class="keyword">this</span>.age = String.valueOf(age);</div><div class="line">&#125;</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>到这里我们可以看出：<strong>封装确实可以使我们容易的修改类的内部实现，而无需修改使用了该类的客户代码</strong>。</p>
<p>我们再看这个好处：<strong>可以对成员变量进行更精确的控制</strong>，当我们在age变量赋值的时候，因为粗心写成了300，这就麻烦大了，谁见过300岁的老妖怪啊！但是使用封装我们就可以避免这个问题，我们可以对age的访问入口做一些控制：<br><figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div><div class="line">5</div><div class="line">6</div><div class="line">7</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title">setAge</span><span class="params">(<span class="keyword">int</span> age)</span> </span>&#123;</div><div class="line">    <span class="keyword">if</span>(age &gt; <span class="number">120</span>)&#123;</div><div class="line">        System.out.println(<span class="string">"ERROR：error age input...."</span>);<span class="comment">//提示错误</span></div><div class="line">    &#125;<span class="keyword">else</span>&#123;</div><div class="line">        <span class="keyword">this</span>.age = age;</div><div class="line">    &#125;</div><div class="line">&#125;</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>同时我们也可以对对象的出口做很好的控制，例如性别我们在数据库中一般是以1，0方式来存储的，但是在前台我们又不能展示1，0。这里我们需要在getter方法里面做一些转换即可：<br><figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div><div class="line">5</div><div class="line">6</div><div class="line">7</div><div class="line">8</div><div class="line">9</div><div class="line">10</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> String <span class="title">getSexName</span><span class="params">()</span> </span>&#123;</div><div class="line">    <span class="keyword">if</span>(<span class="string">"0"</span>.equals(sex))&#123;</div><div class="line">        sexName = <span class="string">"女"</span>;</div><div class="line">    &#125;<span class="keyword">else</span> <span class="keyword">if</span>(<span class="string">"1"</span>.equals(sex))&#123;</div><div class="line">        sexName = <span class="string">"男"</span>;</div><div class="line">    &#125;<span class="keyword">else</span>&#123;</div><div class="line">        sexName = <span class="string">"人妖???"</span>;</div><div class="line">    &#125;</div><div class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> sexName;</div><div class="line">&#125;</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>同理，也可以针对不同的状态做出不同的操作：<br><figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div><div class="line">5</div><div class="line">6</div><div class="line">7</div><div class="line">8</div><div class="line">9</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> String <span class="title">getCzHTML</span><span class="params">()</span></span>&#123;</div><div class="line">    <span class="keyword">if</span>(<span class="string">"1"</span>.equals(zt))&#123;</div><div class="line">        czHTML = <span class="string">"&lt;a href='javascript:void(0)' onclick='qy("</span>+id+<span class="string">")'&gt;启用&lt;/a&gt;"</span>;</div><div class="line">    &#125;</div><div class="line">    <span class="keyword">else</span>&#123;</div><div class="line">        czHTML = <span class="string">"&lt;a href='javascript:void(0)' onclick='jy("</span>+id+<span class="string">")'&gt;禁用&lt;/a&gt;"</span>;</div><div class="line">    &#125;</div><div class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> czHTML;</div><div class="line">&#125;</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>

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